Craik FIM, Salthouse TA. Handbook of Aging and Cognition. Hillsdale,
NJ: Erlbaum, 1992.
Smith GE, Petersen RC, Parisi JE, et al. Definition, course, and outcome of
mild cognitive impairment. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 1996;3:141–7.
Brayne C, Gill C, Paykel ES, et al. Cognitive decline in an elderly
population—a two wave study of change. Psychological Study of Medicine
1995;25:673–83.
Hänninen T. Age-associated memory impairment: A neuropsychological and
epidemiological study. Neurologian klinikan julkaisusarja 1996;39 [abstract].
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994,
684.
Levy R. Aging-associated cognitive decline. Int Psychogeriatr
1994;6:63–8 [review].
Rubin EH, Storandt M, Miller JP, et al. A prospective study of cognitive
function and onset of dementia in cognitively healthy elders. Arch Neurol
1998;55(3):395–401.
Bolla KI, Lindgren KN, Bonaccorsy C, Bleecker ML. Memory complaints in older
adults: Fact or fiction? Arch Neurol 1991;48:61–4.
Lezak M. Neuropsychological Assessment, 3rd ed. New York: Oxford,
1995.
Spreen O, Strauss E. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests:
Administration, Norms, and Commentary. New York: Oxford, 1991.
La Rue A. Aging and Neuropsychological Assessment. New York: Plenum,
1992.
Nussbaum, PD, ed. Handbook of Neuropsychology and Aging. New York:
Plenum, 1997.
Ferris SH, Kluger A. Commentary on age-associated memory impairment,
age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment. Aging Neuropsychol Cogn
1996;3:148–53.
Solfrizzi V, Panza F, Torres F, et al. High monounsaturated fatty acids intake
protects against age-related cognitive decline. Neurology
1999;52(8):1563–9.
Jarvis MJ. Does caffeine enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance?
Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1993;110(1–2):45–52.
Joseph JA, Shukitt-Hale B, Denisova NA, et al. Long-term dietary strawberry,
spinach, or vitamin E supplementation retards the onset of age-related neuronal
signal-transduction and cognitive behavioral deficits. J Neurosci
1998;18(19):8047–55.
Perrig WJ, Perrig P, Stahelin HB. The relation between antioxidants and memory
performance in the old and very old. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45(6):718–24.
White LR, Petrovitch H, Ross GW, et al. Brain aging and midlife tofu
consumption. J Am Coll Nutr 2000;19:242–55.
Di Carlo A, Baldereschi M, Maggi S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of
age-related cognitive decline: The Italian longitudinal study on aging (ILSA). American
Academy of Neurology, 50th Annual Meeting [abstract] P04.103.
Kilander L, Nyman H, Boberg M, et al. Hypertension is related to cognitive
impairment: a 20-year follow-up of 999 men. Hypertension 1998;31(3):780–6.
Williams P, Lord SR. Effects of group exercise on cognitive functioning and
mood in older women. Aust N Z J Public Health 1997;21(1):45–52.
Emery CF, Huppert FA, Schein RL. Relationships among age, exercise, health,
and cognitive function in a British sample. Gerontologist
1995;35(3):378–85.
West RL, Crook TH. Video training of imagery for mature adults. Appl Cogn
Psychol 1991;6: 307–20.
Caprio-Prevette MD, Fry PS. Memory enhancement program for community-based
older adults: development and evaluation. Exp Aging Res 1996;22(3):281–303
[review].
Abraham IL, Neundorfer MM, Currie LJ. Effects of group interventions on
cognition and depression in nursing home residents. Nurs Res
1992;41(4):196–202.
Cipolli C, Chiari G. [Effects of L-acetylcarnitine on mental deterioration in
the aged: initial results.] Clin Ter 1990;132(6 Suppl):479–510 [in
Italian].
Salvioli G, Neri M. L-acetylcarnitine treatment of mental decline in the
elderly. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1994;20(4):169–76.
Genazzani E. [A controlled clinical study on the efficacy of L-acetylcarnitine
in the treatment of mild to moderate mental deterioration in the aged. Conclusions.] Clin
Ter 1990;132(6 Suppl):511–2.
Garzya G, Corallo D, Fiore A, et al. Evaluation of the effects of
L-acetylcarnitine on senile patients suffering from depression. Drugs Exp Clin Res
1990;16(2):101–6.
Bonavita E. Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine
therapy in the senile brain. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol
1986;24(9):511–6.
Passeri M, Iannuccelli M, Ciotti G, et al. Mental impairment in aging:
selection of patients, methods of evaluation and therapeutic possibilities of
acetyl-L-carnitine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 1988;8(5):367–76.
Maggioni M, Picotti GB, Bondiolotti GP, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine
therapy in geriatric patients with depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand
1990;81(3):265–70.
Cenacchi T, Bertoldin T, Farina C, et al. Cognitive decline in the elderly: a
double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study on efficacy of phosphatidylserine
administration. Aging (Milano) 1993;5(2):123–33.
Madigan SM, Tracey F, McNulty H, et al. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and
status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people.
Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68(2):389–95.
Tolonen M, Schrijver J, Westermarck T, et al. Vitamin B6 status of Finnish
elderly. Comparison with Dutch younger adults and elderly. The effect of supplementation.
Int J Vitam Res 1988;58(1):73–7.
Deijen JB, van der Beek EJ, Orlebeke JF, et al. Vitamin B-6 supplementation in
elderly men: effects on mood, memory, performance and mental effort. Psychopharmacology
(Berl) 1992;109(4):489–96.
Martin DC, Francis J, Protetch J, Huff FJ. Time dependency of cognitive
recovery with cobalamin replacement: report of a pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc
1992;40(2):168–72.
Lindenbaum J, Healton EB, Savage DG, et al. Neuropsychiatric disorders caused
by cobalamin deficiency in the absence of anemia or macrocytosis. N Engl J Med
1988;318:1720–8.
Myers BL, Badia P. Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging:
mechanisms and interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1995;19(4):553–71.
Published erratum appears in Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1996;20(2):I–IV.
Dollins AB, Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, et al. Effect of inducing nocturnal serum
melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91(5):1824–8.
Dori D, Casale G, Solerte SB, et al. Chrono-neuroendocrinological aspects of
physiological aging and senile dementia. Chronobiologia
1994;21(1–2):121–6.
Comperatore CA, Lieberman HR, Kirby AW, et al. Melatonin efficacy in aviation
missions requiring rapid deployment and night operations. Aviat Space Environ Med
1996;67(6):520–4.
Jean-Louis G, von Gizycki H, Zizi F. Melatonin effects on sleep, mood, and
cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. J Pineal Res
1998;25(3):177–83.
Slotten HA, Krekling S. Does melatonin have an effect on cognitive
performance? Psychoneuro-endocrinology 1996;21(8):673–80.
Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, et al. Association of vitamin E and C
supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology
2000;54:1265–72.
Allain H, Raoul P, Lieury A, et al. Effects of two doses of ginkgo biloba
extract (EGb 761) on the dual-coding test in elderly subjects. Clin Ther
1993;15(3):549–58.
Rai GS, Shovlin C, Wesnes KA. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of
Ginkgo biloba extract (‘tanakan’) in elderly patients with mild to moderate memory
impairment. Curr Med Res Opin 1991;12(6):350–5.
Brautigam MRH, Blommaert FA, Verleye G, et al. Treatment of age-related memory
complaints with Ginkgo biloba extract: a
randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine
1998;5:425–34.
Wesnes K, Simmons D, Rook M. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of
Tanakan in the treatment of idiopathic impairment in the elderly. Human
Psychopharmacol 1987;2:159–69.
Israel L, Dell’Accio E, Martin G, Hugonot R. Ginkgo biloba
extract and memory training programs—comparative assessment on elderly outpatients.
Psychologie Médicale 1987;19:1431–9.
Gräbel E. The influence of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on
mental performance: A double-blind study under computerized measurement conditions in patients
with cerebral insufficiency. Fortschr Med 1992;110:73–6.
Winther K, Randlov C, Rein E, Mehlsen J. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on
cognitive function and blood pressure in elderly subjects. Curr Ther Res
1998;59:881–8.
Van Dongen M, van Rossum E, Kessels AGH, et al. The efficacy of ginkgo for
elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: New results of a randomized
clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48:1183–94.
Wang Z, Ren G, Zhao Y, et al. A double-blind study of huperzine A and
piracetam in patients with age-associated memory impairment and dementia. In: Kanba S,
Richelson E, eds. Herbal Medicines for Nonpsychiatric Diseases. Tokyo: Seiwa Shoten
Publishers, 1999, 39–50.